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<title>Australopithecine</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Australopithecine</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the member tribe, see <a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a>.</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Australopithecines<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: </div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a>

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<td>Infraorder:

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<td><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>

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<td>Subfamily:

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<td><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a>

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<td>Tribe:

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<td><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a>

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<td>Subtribe:

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<td><br><small><a href="William_King_Gregory" title="William King Gregory">Gregory</a> & Hellman, 1939</small>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i><br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Dart, 1925</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera

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<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> (<a href="Cladistically" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistically">cladistically</a> including

<li><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>)</li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Praeanthropus" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeanthropus">Praeanthropus</a></i> (sometimes used)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i> <small>(debated<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</small></li>

<li><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i> <small>(most likely)</small></li>

<li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i> <small>(possibly)</small></li></ul>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a>

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<p>Hominina <small>Gray 1825</small><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sensu <small>Andrew & Harrison 2005</small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The <b>australopithecines</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</span></span>), formally <b>Australopithecina</b> or <b>Hominina</b>, are generally any species in the related <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of <i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and <i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>. It may also include members of <i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Praeanthropus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECela-CondeAyala2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECela-CondeAyala2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term comes from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottak2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottak2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are classified within the <b>Australopithecina</b> subtribe of the <a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a> <a href="Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodRichmond2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodRichmond2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggsCrowther2008124_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsCrowther2008124-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These related species are sometimes collectively termed <b>australopithecines</b>, <b>australopiths</b>, or <b>homininians</b>. They are the extinct, close relatives of modern humans and, together with the extant genus <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>, comprise the human <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>. There is no general agreement to whether australopithecines are closest relatives of modern humans, as it has been argued that they are more closely related to extant African apes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are called Hominina<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>see Hominidae; <a href="Hominidae#Terminology" title="Hominidae">terms "hominids" and hominins</a></i>).

</p><p>While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the australopithecines do not appear to be literally extinct (in the sense of having no living descendants) as the genera <i>Kenyanthropus</i>, <i>Paranthropus</i>, and <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> probably emerged as sisters of a late <i>Australopithecus</i> species such as <i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i> and/or <i><a href="A._sediba" class="mw-redirect" title="A. sediba">A. sediba</a></i>.

</p><p>The terms australopithecines, et. al., come from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottak2004_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottak2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of <i>Australopithecus</i> are sometimes referred to as the "gracile australopithecines", while <i>Paranthropus</i> are called the "robust australopithecines".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szpak2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The australopithecines occurred in the <a href="Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> sub-epoch and were <a href="Bipedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipedal">bipedal</a>, and they were dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than that of modern non-human <a href="Ape" title="Ape">apes</a>, with lesser <a href="Encephalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Encephalization">encephalization</a> than in the genus <i>Homo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting200545_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting200545-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans (genus <i>Homo</i>) may have descended from australopithecine ancestors and the <a href="Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> <i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>, <i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>, <i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>, and <i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i> are the possible ancestors of the australopithecines.<sup id="cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szpak2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.860em;height:50em;pointer-events:none"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;pointer-events:none;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;pointer-events:none;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.000em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

<p>Classification of subtribe Australopithecina according to <a href="#CITEREFBriggsCrowther2008">Briggs & Crowther 2008</a>, p. 124.

</p>

<ul><li>Australopithecina

<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">Australopithecus deyiremeda</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Australopithecus garhi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i> (=<i>Praeanthropus afarensis</i>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Australopithecus anamensis</a></i> (=<i>Praeanthropus anamensis</i>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">Australopithecus bahrelghazali</a></i> (=<i>Praeanthropus bahrelghazali</i>)</li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">Paranthropus robustus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">Paranthropus boisei</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">Paranthropus aethiopicus</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ardipithecus kadabba</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Orrorin_tugenensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Orrorin tugenensis">Orrorin tugenensis</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus_tchadensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelanthropus tchadensis">Sahelanthropus tchadensis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div>

<p>Phylogeny of Hominina/Australopithecina according to Dembo <i>et al</i>. (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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</td>

<p><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus tchadensis</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Australopithecus anamensis</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Australopithecus afarensis</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Australopithecus garhi</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus platyops</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Plesianthropus_transvaalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesianthropus transvaalensis">Plesianthropus transvaalensis</a></i> (<i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Australopithecus africanus</a></i>)

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">Paranthropus aethiopicus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">Paranthropus robustus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">Paranthropus boisei</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

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</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> (including <a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">"Australopithecus" <i>sediba</i></a>)

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

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</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div>

<p>The post-cranial remains of australopithecines show they were adapted to <a href="Bipedal_locomotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipedal locomotion">bipedal locomotion</a>, but did not walk identically to humans. They had a forearm to upper arm ratio similar to the <i><a href="Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden Ratio</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – greater than other hominins. They exhibited greater <a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> than members of <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> or <i><a href="Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i> but less so than <i><a href="Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i> or <i><a href="Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i>. It is thought that they averaged heights of 1.2–1.5 metres (3.9–4.9 ft) and weighed between 30 and 55 kilograms (66 and 121 lb). The <a href="Brain_size" title="Brain size">brain size</a> may have been 350 cc to 600 cc. The postcanines (the teeth behind the canines) were relatively large, and had more enamel compared to contemporary apes and humans, whereas the incisors and canines were relatively small, and there was little difference between the males' and females' canines compared to modern apes.<sup id="cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szpak2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_Homo">Relation to <i>Homo</i></h2></div>

<p>Most scientists maintain that the genus <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> emerged in Africa within the australopithecines around two million years ago. However, there is no consensus on within which species:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Determining which species of australopithecine (if any) is ancestral to the genus <i>Homo</i> is a question that is a top priority for many paleoanthropologists, but one that will likely elude any conclusive answers for years to come. Nearly every possible species has been suggested as a likely candidate, but none are overwhelmingly convincing. Presently, it appears that <i>A. garhi</i> has the potential to occupy this coveted place in paleoanthropology, but the lack of fossil evidence is a serious problem. Another problem presents itself in the fact that it has been very difficult to assess which hominid [now "hominin"] represents the first member of the genus <i>Homo</i>. Without knowing this, it is not possible to determine which species of australopithecine may have been ancestral to <i>Homo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szpak2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Marc Verhaegen has argued that an australopithecine species could have also been ancestral to the genus <i><a href="Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i> (i.e. chimpanzees).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asian_australopithecines">Asian australopithecines</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></div>

<p>A minority view among palaeoanthropologists is that australopithecines moved outside Africa. One proponent of this theory is <a href="Jens_Lorenz_Franzen" title="Jens Lorenz Franzen">Jens Lorenz Franzen</a>, formerly Head of Paleoanthropology at the Research Institute <a href="Senckenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Senckenberg">Senckenberg</a>. Franzen argued that <a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">robust australopithecines</a> had reached not only Indonesia, as <i><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i>, but also China:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this way we arrive at the conclusion that the recognition of australopithecines in Asia would not confuse but could help to clarify the early evolution of hominids ["hominins"] on that continent. This concept would explain the scanty remains from Java and China as relic of an Asian offshoot of an early radiation of <i>Australopithecus</i>, which was followed much later by an [African] immigration of <i>Homo erectus</i>, and finally became extinct after a period of coexistence.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Jens Lorenz Franzen, "Asian australopithecines?", <i>Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future</i> (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1985_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>In 1957, an Early Pleistocene Chinese fossil tooth of unknown province was described as resembling <i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i>. Three fossilized molars from <a href="Jianshi_County" title="Jianshi County">Jianshi</a>, China (Longgudong Cave) were later identified as belonging to an <i>Australopithecus</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGao1975_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao1975-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However further examination questioned this interpretation; Zhang (1984) argued the Jianshi teeth and unidentified tooth belong to <i>H. erectus</i>. Liu <i>et al</i>. (2010) also dispute the Jianshi–australopithecine link and argue the Jianshi molars fall within the range of <i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuClarkeXing2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuClarkeXing2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No marked difference in dental crown shape is shown between the Jianshi hominin and other Chinese <i>Homo erectus</i>, and there is also no evidence in support of the Jianshi hominin's closeness to <i>Australopithecus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuClarkeXing2010_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuClarkeXing2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>However, <a href="Milford_H._Wolpoff" title="Milford H. Wolpoff">Wolpoff</a> (1999) notes that in China "persistent claims of australopithecine or australopithecine-like remains continue".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpoff1999_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpoff1999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Dawn_of_Humanity" title="Dawn of Humanity"><i>Dawn of Humanity</i> (2015 PBS film)</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Human taxonomy</a></li>

<li>Human timeline</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanford2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanford2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanford2012">Stanford 2012</a>.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGray1825" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, J. E. (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2531525#page/353/mode/1up">"An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe"</a>. <i>Annals of Philosophy</i>. New Series. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">337–</span>340.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsHarrison2005" class="citation journal cs1">Andrews, Peter; Harrison, Terry (1 January 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789047416616/B9789047416616_s013.xml">"The Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans"</a></span>. <i>Interpreting the Past</i>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>121. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047416616_013">10.1163/9789047416616_013</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789047416616</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203884394">203884394</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECela-CondeAyala2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECela-CondeAyala2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCela-CondeAyala2003">Cela-Conde & Ayala 2003</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKottak2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottak2004_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKottak2004_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKottak2004">Kottak 2004</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodRichmond2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodRichmond2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodRichmond2000">Wood & Richmond 2000</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggsCrowther2008124-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggsCrowther2008124_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriggsCrowther2008">Briggs & Crowther 2008</a>, p. 124.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVaneechoutteMansfieldMunroVerhaegen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Vaneechoutte, M.; Mansfield, F.; Munro, S.; Verhaegen, M. (2024). "Have we been barking up the wrong ancestral tree? Australopithecines are probably not our ancestors". <i>Nature Anthropol</i>. <b>2</b>: 1007. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35534%2Fnatanthropol.2023.10007">10.35534/natanthropol.2023.10007</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-01HQQXVEJ8DHYKK9CD10JJY4MT">1854/LU-01HQQXVEJ8DHYKK9CD10JJY4MT</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G204/lectures/204scatterlings.html">"GEOL 204 The Fossil Record: The Scatterlings of Africa: the Origins of Humanity"</a>. <i>www.geol.umd.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting2005_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaiOwlKersting2005">Mai, Owl & Kersting 2005</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Szpak2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szpak2007_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSzpak2007" class="citation web cs1">Szpak, P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4438">"Evolution of the Australopithecines"</a>. Tree of Life.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting200545-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaiOwlKersting200545_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaiOwlKersting2005">Mai, Owl & Kersting 2005</a>, p. 45.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDemboRadovčićGarvinLaird2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dembo, Mana; Radovčić, Davorka; Garvin, Heather M.; Laird, Myra F.; Schroeder, Lauren; Scott, Jill E.; Brophy, Juliet; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Musiba, Chares M.; de Ruiter, Darryl J.; Mooers, Arne Ø. (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416300100">"The evolutionary relationships and age of Homo naledi: An assessment using dated Bayesian phylogenetic methods"</a>. <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>. <b>97</b>: <span class="nowrap">17–</span>26. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JHumE..97...17D">2016JHumE..97...17D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2016.04.008">10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.008</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F8796">2164/8796</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484">0047-2484</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27457542">27457542</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWangMaJinYu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Nan; Ma, Jie; Jin, Dan; Yu, Bin (23 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5292375">"A Special Golden Curve in Human Upper Limbs' Length Proportion: A Functional Partition Which Is Different from Anatomy"</a>. <i>BioMed Research International</i>. <b>2017</b>: e4158561. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2017%2F4158561">10.1155/2017/4158561</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2314-6133">2314-6133</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5292375">5292375</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28232941">28232941</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWangMaJinYu2024" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Nan; Ma, Jie; Jin, Dan; Yu, Bin (5 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5292375">"A Special Golden Curve in Human Upper Limbs' Length Proportion: A Functional Partition Which Is Different from Anatomy"</a>. <i>BioMed Research International</i>. <b>2017</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2017%2F4158561">10.1155/2017/4158561</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5292375">5292375</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28232941">28232941</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVerhaegen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Verhaegen, M (1990). "African ape ancestry". <i>Human Evolution</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">295–</span>297. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02437246">10.1007/BF02437246</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen1985-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen1985_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranzen1985">Franzen 1985</a>.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuClarkeXing2010-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuClarkeXing2010_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuClarkeXing2010_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiuClarkeXing2010">Liu, Clarke & Xing 2010</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpoff1999-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpoff1999_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpoff1999">Wolpoff 1999</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBriggsCrowther2008" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, D.; Crowther, P. R., eds. (2008). <i>Palaeobiology II</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 600. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780470999288</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCela-CondeAyala2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cela-Conde, C. J.; Ayala, F. J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164648">"Genera of the human lineage"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>100</b> (13): <span class="nowrap">7684–</span>7689. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.7684C">2003PNAS..100.7684C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0832372100">10.1073/pnas.0832372100</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164648">164648</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12794185">12794185</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFranzen1985" class="citation book cs1">Franzen, J. L. (1985). "Asian australopithecines?". <i>Hominid Evolution: Past, Present, and Future</i>. New York: Wiley-Liss. pp. <span class="nowrap">255–</span>263.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGao1975" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, J (1975). "Australopithecine teeth associated with <i>Gigantopithecus</i>". <i>Vertebrata PalAsiatica</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>88.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKottak2004" class="citation book cs1">Kottak, C. P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718051605/http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072832258/student_view0/glossary.html">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Cultural Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity</i> (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0072832259</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072832258/student_view0/glossary.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLiuClarkeXing2010" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Wu; Clarke, Ronald; Xing, Song (2010). "Geometric morphometric analysis of the early Pleistocene hominin teeth from Jianshi, Hubei Province, China". <i>Science China Earth Sciences</i>. <b>53</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1141–</span>1152. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ScChD..53.1141L">2010ScChD..53.1141L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11430-010-4013-0">10.1007/s11430-010-4013-0</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129711769">129711769</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMaiOwlKersting2005" class="citation book cs1">Mai, L. L.; Owl, M. Y.; Kersting, M. P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00mail/page/45"><i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution</i></a>. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00mail/page/45">45</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-66486-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStanford2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stanford, C. B. (2012). "Chimpanzees and the behavior of <i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i>". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">139–</span>149. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-092611-145724">10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145724</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024019">"Reconstructing human evolution: Achievements, challenges, and opportunities"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (Suppl 2): <span class="nowrap">8902–</span>8909. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1001649107">10.1073/pnas.1001649107</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024019">3024019</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20445105">20445105</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWoodRichmond2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, B.; Richmond, B. G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1468107">"Human evolution: Taxonomy and paleobiology"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>197</b> (Pt 1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>60. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x">10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1468107">1468107</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10999270">10999270</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWolpoff1999" class="citation book cs1">Wolpoff, M. H. (1999). <i>Paleoanthropology</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZhang1985" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Y. (1985). "<i>Gigantopithecus</i> and <i>Australopithecus</i> in China". <i>Palaeoanthropology and palaeolithic archaeology in the People's Republic of China</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>78.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/australopithecine" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/australopithecine">australopithecine</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hominina" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Hominina">Hominina</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216082405/http://homepage.mac.com/wis/Personal/lectures/evolutionary-anatomy/Australopithecines.pdf">Informative lecture on <i>Australopithecines</i></a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_evolution511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Human_evolution511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br>(<a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br>proto-humans<br>(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li>

<li><a href="Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Diet

<ul><li><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li>

<li><a href="Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Drugs

<ul><li><a href="Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Behavior

<ul><li><a href="Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Life history

<ul><li><a href="Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li>

<li>Human timeline</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Theorists</li>

<li>Books</li>

<li><a href="List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AEvolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haplorhini181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>

<li>Order: <a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†&quot;Omomyidae&quot;257" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Altanius" title="Altanius">Altanius</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Bownomomys" title="Bownomomys">Bownomomys</a></i></li>

<li><i>Kohatius</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microchoerinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Indusomys</i></li>

<li><i>Melaneremia</i></li>

<li><i>Microchoerus</i></li>

<li><i>Nannopithex</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Necrolemur" title="Necrolemur">Necrolemur</a></i></li>

<li><i>Paraloris</i></li>

<li><i>Pseudoloris</i></li>

<li><i>Quercyloris</i></li>

<li><i>Vectipithex</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="Anaptomorphinae" title="Anaptomorphinae">Anaptomorphinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Absarokius</i></li>

<li><i>Anaptomorphus</i></li>

<li><i>Anemorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Arapahovius</i></li>

<li><i>Aycrossia</i></li>

<li><i>Chlororhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Gazinius</i></li>

<li><i>Pseudotetonius</i></li>

<li><i>Sphacorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Strigorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Tatmanius</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Teilhardina" title="Teilhardina">Teilhardina</a></i></li>

<li><i>Tetonius</i></li>

<li><i>Tetonoides</i></li>

<li><i>Trogolemur</i></li>

<li><i>Walshina</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Omomyinae"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Ageitodendron</i></li>

<li><i>Asiomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Brontomomys</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chipetaia" title="Chipetaia">Chipetaia</a></i></li>

<li><i>Chumashius</i></li>

<li><i>Diablomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Dyseolemur</i></li>

<li><i>Ekwiiyemakius</i></li>

<li><i>Gunnelltarsius</i></li>

<li><i>Hemiacodon</i></li>

<li><i>Jemezius</i></li>

<li><i>Loveina</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Macrotarsius" title="Macrotarsius">Macrotarsius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nesomomys" title="Nesomomys">Nesomomys</a></i></li>

<li><i>Omomys</i></li>

<li><i>Ourayia</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rooneyia" title="Rooneyia">Rooneyia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shoshonius" title="Shoshonius">Shoshonius</a></i></li>

<li><i>Steinius</i></li>

<li><i>Stockia</i></li>

<li><i>Uintanius</i></li>

<li><i>Utahia</i></li>

<li><i>Washakius</i></li>

<li><i>Wyomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Yaquius</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tarkadectinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Tarka</i></li>

<li><i>Tarkadectes</i></li>

<li><i>Tarkops</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsiiformes" title="Tarsiiformes">Tarsiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Archicebus" title="Archicebus">Archicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a></b>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</b>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsier" title="Tarsier">Tarsiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Philippine_tarsier" title="Philippine tarsier">Carlito</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Horsfield's_tarsier" title="Horsfield's tarsier">Cephalopachus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Hesperotarsius</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Oligotarsius</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tarsius" title="Tarsius">Tarsius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Xanthorhysis</i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Simiiformes181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simiiformes108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Amamria" title="Amamria">Amamria</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Aseanpithecus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nosmips" title="Nosmips">Nosmips</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Phileosimias" title="Phileosimias">Phileosimias</a></i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Afrasia_djijidae" title="Afrasia djijidae">Afrasia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Afrotarsius" title="Afrotarsius">Afrotarsius</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Eosimiidae" title="Eosimiidae">Eosimiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Bahinia</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eosimias" title="Eosimias">Eosimias</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Phenacopithecus" title="Phenacopithecus">Phenacopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Amphipithecidae" title="Amphipithecidae">Amphipithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Amphipithecus" title="Amphipithecus">Amphipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Bugtipithecus</i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Ganlea" title="Ganlea">Ganlea</a></i></li>

<li><i>Krabia</i></li>

<li><i>Myanmarpithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Pondaungia</i></li>

<li><i>Siamopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Parapithecoidea" title="Parapithecoidea">Parapithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Arsinoea" title="Arsinoea">Arsinoea</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Biretia" title="Biretia">Biretia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proteopithecidae" title="Proteopithecidae">Proteopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Proteopithecus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Serapia_eocaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapia eocaena">Serapia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parapithecidae" title="Parapithecidae">Parapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Abuqatrania</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apidium" title="Apidium">Apidium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Parapithecus" title="Parapithecus">Parapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Qatrania" title="Qatrania">Qatrania</a></i></li>

<li><i>Ucayalipithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">Platyrrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Parvimico</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Perupithecus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Szalatavus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Canaanimico" title="Canaanimico">Canaanimico</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Branisella" title="Branisella">Branisella</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Lagonimico" title="Lagonimico">Lagonimico</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotidae">Aotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">Aotus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Tremacebus" title="Tremacebus">Tremacebus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pitheciidae" title="Pitheciidae">Pitheciidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Hispaniola_monkey" title="Hispaniola monkey">Antillothrix</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Uakari" title="Uakari">Cacajao</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Callicebus" title="Callicebus">Callicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Carlocebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cebupithecia" title="Cebupithecia">Cebupithecia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cheracebus" title="Cheracebus">Cheracebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Bearded_saki" title="Bearded saki">Chiropotes</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Homunculus_patagonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homunculus patagonicus">Homunculus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Insulacebus" title="Insulacebus">Insulacebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Mazzonicebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Miocallicebus" title="Miocallicebus">Miocallicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nuciruptor" title="Nuciruptor">Nuciruptor</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Saki_monkey" title="Saki monkey">Pithecia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Plecturocebus" title="Plecturocebus">Plecturocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Proteropithecia</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Soriacebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Jamaican_monkey" title="Jamaican monkey">Xenothrix</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">Alouatta</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Caipora_bambuiorum" title="Caipora bambuiorum">Caipora</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cartelles" title="Cartelles">Cartelles</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Chilecebus" title="Chilecebus">Chilecebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Mohanamico" title="Mohanamico">Mohanamico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Oreonax</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paralouatta" title="Paralouatta">Paralouatta</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Protopithecus" title="Protopithecus">Protopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Solimoea" title="Solimoea">Solimoea</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Stirtonia_(mammal)" title="Stirtonia (mammal)">Stirtonia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Acrecebus" title="Acrecebus">Acrecebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Gracile_capuchin_monkey" title="Gracile capuchin monkey">Cebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dolichocebus" title="Dolichocebus">Dolichocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Killikaike" class="mw-redirect" title="Killikaike">Killikaike</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Panamacebus" title="Panamacebus">Panamacebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Patasola_magdalenae" title="Patasola magdalenae">Patasola</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Squirrel_monkey" title="Squirrel monkey">Saimiri</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Robust_capuchin_monkey" title="Robust capuchin monkey">Sapajus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Goeldi's_marmoset" title="Goeldi's marmoset">Callimico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Callithrix" title="Callithrix">Callithrix</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pygmy_marmoset" title="Pygmy marmoset">Cebuella</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Saddle-back_tamarin" title="Saddle-back tamarin">Leontocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lion_tamarin" title="Lion tamarin">Leontopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Micodon" title="Micodon">Micodon</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tamarin" title="Tamarin">Saguinus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Catarrhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini100" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Oligopithecidae" title="Oligopithecidae">Oligopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Catopithecus" title="Catopithecus">Catopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oligopithecus" title="Oligopithecus">Oligopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Talahpithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Propliopithecoidea" title="Propliopithecoidea">Propliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Aegyptopithecus" title="Aegyptopithecus">Aegyptopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Propliopithecus" title="Propliopithecus">Propliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Pliopithecoidea" title="Pliopithecoidea">Pliopithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Krishnapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Paidopithex</i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pliopithecidae" title="Pliopithecidae">Pliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Epipliopithecus" title="Epipliopithecus">Epipliopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pliopithecus" title="Pliopithecus">Pliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dionysopithecidae" title="Dionysopithecidae">Dionysopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Dionysopithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Platodontopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crouzeliinae" title="Crouzeliinae">Crouzeliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anapithecus" title="Anapithecus">Anapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Barberapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Crouzelia</i></li>

<li><i>Egarapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Fanchangia</i></li>

<li><i>Laccopithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Plesiopliopithecus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pliobates" title="Pliobates">Pliobates</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Alophe" title="Alophe">Alophe</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Victoriapithecidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Noropithecus" title="Noropithecus">Noropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nsungwepithecus" title="Nsungwepithecus">Nsungwepithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i>Prohylobates</i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Victoriapithecus" title="Victoriapithecus">Victoriapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Zaltanpithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cercopithecoides" title="Cercopithecoides">Cercopithecoides</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Colobus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dolichopithecus" title="Dolichopithecus">Dolichopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Kuseracolobus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Libypithecus" title="Libypithecus">Libypithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Mesopithecus" title="Mesopithecus">Mesopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Microcolobus" title="Microcolobus">Microcolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Nasalis</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paracolobus" title="Paracolobus">Paracolobus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Parapresbytis" title="Parapresbytis">Parapresbytis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">Piliocolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Presbytis" title="Presbytis">Presbytis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Procolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Douc" title="Douc">Pygathrix</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Rhinocolobus" title="Rhinocolobus">Rhinocolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">Rhinopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sawecolobus" title="Sawecolobus">Sawecolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Semnopithecus" title="Semnopithecus">Semnopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Simias</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecinae" title="Cercopithecinae">Cercopithecinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecini" title="Cercopithecini">Cercopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Allen's_swamp_monkey" title="Allen's swamp monkey">Allenopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Allochrocebus" title="Allochrocebus">Allochrocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Guenon" title="Guenon">Cercopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chlorocebus" title="Chlorocebus">Chlorocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Erythrocebus" title="Erythrocebus">Erythrocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Talapoin" title="Talapoin">Miopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Nanopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papionini" title="Papionini">Papionini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="White-eyelid_mangabey" title="White-eyelid mangabey">Cercocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dinopithecus" title="Dinopithecus">Dinopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Gorgopithecus" title="Gorgopithecus">Gorgopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Crested_mangabey" title="Crested mangabey">Lophocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Macaque" title="Macaque">Macaca</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mandrillus" title="Mandrillus">Mandrillus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Baboon" title="Baboon">Papio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paradolichopithecus" title="Paradolichopithecus">Paradolichopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Parapapio" title="Parapapio">Parapapio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Pliopapio" title="Pliopapio">Pliopapio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Procercocebus" title="Procercocebus">Procercocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Procynocephalus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kipunji" title="Kipunji">Rungwecebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Soromandrillus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Theropithecus" title="Theropithecus">Theropithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hominoidea181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea104" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Afropithecus" title="Afropithecus">Afropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ekembo" title="Ekembo">Ekembo</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Equatorius" title="Equatorius">Equatorius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Griphopithecus" title="Griphopithecus">Griphopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kamoyapithecus" title="Kamoyapithecus">Kamoyapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kenyapithecus" title="Kenyapithecus">Kenyapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Morotopithecus" title="Morotopithecus">Morotopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nacholapithecus" title="Nacholapithecus">Nacholapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Otavipithecus" title="Otavipithecus">Otavipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Proconsul_(mammal)" title="Proconsul (mammal)">Proconsul</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dendropithecidae" title="Dendropithecidae">Dendropithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Dendropithecus" title="Dendropithecus">Dendropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Nyanzapithecus" title="Nyanzapithecus">Nyanzapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Rangwapithecus" title="Rangwapithecus">Rangwapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rukwapithecus" title="Rukwapithecus">Rukwapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Simiolus" title="Simiolus">Simiolus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Turkanapithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Hylobatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Bunopithecus" title="Bunopithecus">Bunopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">Hoolock</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hylobates" title="Hylobates">Hylobates</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Junzi_imperialis" title="Junzi imperialis">Junzi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nomascus" title="Nomascus">Nomascus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Siamang" title="Siamang">Symphalangus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Yuanmoupithecus" title="Yuanmoupithecus">Yuanmoupithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Buronius" title="Buronius">Buronius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ankarapithecus" title="Ankarapithecus">Ankarapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Indopithecus" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dryopithecini" title="Dryopithecini">Dryopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anoiapithecus" title="Anoiapithecus">Anoiapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Danuvius_guggenmosi" title="Danuvius guggenmosi">Danuvius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hispanopithecus" title="Hispanopithecus">Hispanopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Pierolapithecus" title="Pierolapithecus">Pierolapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Rudapithecus" title="Rudapithecus">Rudapithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q605457" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q605457">Q605457</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hominina" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Hominina">Hominina</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id619795">619795</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=96643">96643</a></span></span></li></ul>

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